By James Hamilton, J.D., LL.M.
The House passed legislation mandating shareholder advisory votes on executive compensation as part of the overall reform of financial regulation. Final House passage is expected later this week. The vote was 237-185. The legislation builds on the SEC’s executive pay disclosure rules to require that public companies include in their annual proxy to investors the opportunity to vote on the company's executive pay plans. The Corporate and Financial Institution Compensation Fairness Act would also require independent board compensation committees and independent compensation consultants. The legislation further requires all financial institutions, including brokers, dealers and investment advisers, to disclose compensation structures that include any incentive based elements. The measure also requires federal financial regulators to proscribe inappropriate or imprudently risky compensation practices as part of solvency regulation.
A Manager’s Amendment offered by Committee Chair Barney Frank (D Mass) specifically provides that financial companies that do not have incentive-based payment arrangements are not required to make disclosures regarding incentive-based payment arrangements. The Manager’s Amendment also narrows the scope of the regulators’ authority to prohibit compensation structures by rule to allow such prohibitions only of incentive-based payment arrangements, as opposed to any compensation structures or incentive-based payment arrangements, of covered financial institutions
An amendement offered by Rep. Jeb Henserling (R-TX) exempts financial institutions with less than $1B in assets from the incentive-based pay provisions. Another Henserling amendment would requires the GAO to study the correlation between compensation structure and excessive risk-taking and report to Congress within one year of enactment. In that study, the GAO would have to consider compensation structures used by companies from 2000-2008, and do a comparison of companies that failed, or nearly failed but for government assistance, and report on companies that remained viable through the market turmoil of 2007-2008.
An amendment by Mr. Henserling would adds Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to the list of financial institutions subject to the incentive-based pay provisions, as well as add their oversight regulator, the FHFA, as a financial regulator with rulemaking authority for such provisions. The measure would not set any limits on pay, but will ensure that shareholders have a non-binding and advisory vote on their company's executive pay practices without micromanaging the company. Knowing that they will be subject to some collective shareholder action should give boards pause before approving a questionable compensation plan. The legislation also contains a separate advisory vote if a company gives a new, not yet disclosed, golden parachute while simultaneously negotiating to buy or sell a company.
An amendment by Rep. Mary Jo Kilroy (D-OH) would require at least annual reporting of annual say-on-pay and golden parachutes votes by all institutional investors, unless such votes are otherwise required to be reported publicly by SEC rule.
The non-binding advisory vote approach has been used in the United Kingdom since 2003; and is now used in Australia as well. The policy change is credited with improving management-shareholder dialogue on executive compensation matters and increasing the use of long-term performance targets in incentive compensation.
The draft legislation comes against the backdrop of a growing global consensus that executive compensation must be reformed because it favors excessive risk taking and contributed to the financial crisis. President Obama and the G-20 leaders pledged to pass legislation reforming the financial regulatory system. As part of that legislation, the leaders called for the comprehensive reform of executive compensation to base pay on performance not on excessive risk taking.
According to the G-20, regulations must ensure that compensation structures are consistent with firms’ long-term goals and prudent risk taking
Specifically, the say-on-pay provisions of the House legislation direct the SEC to adopt rules, within one year, requiring that proxies for annual meetings provide for a shareholder advisory vote on the compensation of executives. Similarly, a proxy involving a merger, acquisition or sale of the company must provide for a shareholder advisory vote on any golden parachute agreements. The proxy must disclose the aggregate total of compensation to be paid pursuant to the golden parachute agreement.
A Manager’s Amendment would allow the SEC to exempt certain categories of companies from the say-on-pay requirements where appropriate, taking into account, among other considerations, the potential impact on smaller reporting companies.
The legislation also adds a new Section 10B to the Exchange Act mandating that listed companies have independent compensation committees. The SEC would be authorized to exempt smaller reporting companies from the mandate.
In order to be considered independent, a compensation committee member may not accept any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the company and cannot be an affiliated person of the company or any of its subsidiaries. The SEC would be authorized to exempt a particular relationship with a compensation committee member from these independence standards.
A Manager’s Amendment clarifies that the compensation committee independence standards apply only to public companies, not to companies that have only an issue of publically registered debt.
The legislation gives the compensation committee sole discretion to retain compensation consultants meeting independence standards to be promulgated by the SEC. The compensation committee would be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, and oversight of the work of the compensation consultant. However, there is no requirement that the compensation committee implement or act consistently with the advice or recommendations of the compensation consultant. In addition, the hiring of a compensation consultant would not affect the committee’s ability or obligation to exercise its own judgment in carrying out its duties.
A Manager’s Amendment requires that the independence standards for compensation consultants to be promulgated by the SEC are competitively neutral among categories of consultants and preserve the ability of compensation committees to retain the services of members of any such category.
A year after enactment, companies must disclose in their annual proxies if the compensation committee retained an independent compensation consultant. A provision in the original bill requiring company that did not hire a compensation consultant to explain why retaining such a consultant was not in the interests of company shareholders was deleted by a Manager’s Amendment.
The compensation committee would also be authorized to retain independent counsel and other advisers meeting SEC independence standards. As with compensation consultants, the compensation committee would be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, and oversight of the work of such independent counsel and other advisers. But the compensation committee would not be required to implement or act consistently with the advice or recommendations of such independent counsel and other advisers, and the retention would in no way affect the committee’s ability or obligation to exercise its own judgment.
The legislation orders companies to provide funding, as determined by the compensation committee, to pay compensation consultants and independent counsel and advisers hired by the committee.
The SEC is directed to conduct a study of the use of compensation consultants hired under this Act and submit a report to Congress within two years.
The House adopted a floor amendment offered by Rep. Frank that struck out language prohibiting clawbacks of executive compensation approved by shareholders and inserted language prohibiting rules from allowing financial regulators to require recovery of incentive-based pay under arrangements in effect on the date of enactment
Finally, the legislation directs federal financial regulators, including the SEC and Fed, to jointly prescribe regulations to require banks, brokers and investment advisers to disclose the structures of the incentive-based compensation arrangements for officers and employees of such institution sufficient to determine whether the compensation structure properly measures and rewards performance; is structured to account for the time horizon of risks; is aligned with sound risk management; and meets other criteria as the agencies may determine to be appropriate to reduce unreasonable incentives for officers and employees to take undue risks that could have serious adverse effects.
The federal financial regulators must also jointly prescribe regulations prohibiting compensation structures or bonuses or other incentive-based payment arrangements that encourage inappropriate risks that could have serious adverse effects on economic conditions or financial stability; or could threaten the safety and soundness of the financial institution.
The provisions of this section would be enforced under section 505 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which provides for the strong enforcement of GLB’s privacy provisions. Section 505 provides that each functional regulator will enforce the provisions of GLB for the entities they regulate. Thus, by analogy, under the draft legislation, the SEC will enforce the provisions against brokers, dealers, and investment advisers. The SEC and other regulators are also authorized to use the full range of their enforcement powers in case of violations of the draft provisions.